If you have a DOS or Windows system installed on your hard drive, you can use the autoboot.bat
command in the dosutils directory to start the installation, as shown here. You have to execute this command from a DOS system or a Windows DOS window.
e:\dosutils\autoboot.bat
If neither of these options is feasible for you, you can use the install floppy disk (see the preceding section on creating a boot disk). This is perhaps the most fail-safe method of installing Linux. Insert the Linux install disk into your floppy drive and reboot your computer.
The installation program will start, presenting you with an Introduction screen. After a moment, the following prompt will appear at the bottom of your screen:
boot:
Press ENTER. (If necessary, you can enter boot parameters as described in the installation manual.)
Configuration information will fill your screen as the installation program attempts to detect your hardware components automatically
Thursday, February 14, 2008
Installing Linux
Installing Linux involves several processes, beginning with creating Linux partitions, and then loading the Linux software, configuring your X Window System interface, installing the Linux boot loader (GRUB or LILO) that will boot your system, and creating new user accounts. The installation program used on Red Hat is a screen-based program that takes you through all these processes, step by step, as one continuous procedure. You can use either your mouse or the keyboard to make selections. When you finish with a screen, click the Next button at the bottom to move to the next screen. If you need to move back to the previous screen, click Back. You can also use TAB, the arrow keys, SPACEBAR, and ENTER to make selections. The installation screens will display a help panel explaining each step in detail. You have little to do other than make selections and choose options. Some screens provide a list of options from which you make a selection. In a few cases, you are asked for information you should already have if you followed the steps earlier in this chapter. Hardware components will be automatically detected and displayed as you progress. During installation, you will be able to perform administrative tasks such as configuring your network connections, creating users, and setting the time. Keep in mind that such administrative tasks can also be performed after installation
Creating the Boot Disks
On Windows, to use the rawritewin program to create a floppy install disk, first insert the CD-ROM into your CD-ROM drive (if you are installing from the DVD-ROM disc included with this book, you would use your DVD-ROM drive instead). Change to your CD-ROM drive. Once you have changed to the CD-ROM drive, you then need to change to the \dosutils directory. The rawritewin command is in the dosutils\rawritewin directory. Just double-click it to start it. It is very easy to create a boot disk with rawritewin. Just run it from Windows and use its interface to select the floppy disk image bootdsk.img, with support disks pcmiadd.img, and drvnet.img. The image file you want for a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM installation is the boot.iso file, also located on your CD-ROM in the images directory, images/. Be sure that your floppy drive is correctly listed. The default will be A:. Then place a blank floppy in your floppy drive and click Write.
For rawrite, which you have to use on MS-DOS, at your DOS prompt, change to your CD-ROM drive,using whatever the letter for that drive may be. For example, if your CD-ROM drive is the E drive, just type e: and press ENTER. Once you have changed to the CD-ROM drive, you then need to change to the \images directory. On the DVD-ROM included with this book, the install disk image is bootdsk.img with support disks for network and notebooks, drvnet.img and pcmiadd.img. The rawrite command has to be run at a DOS prompt. Enter the full path for the rawrite command, including the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive letter, such as e:\dosutils\rawrite. The rawrite command first prompts you for the name of the disk image file you want to copy. Enter the full name of the install image file. The command then asks you to enter the letter of the floppy drive where you put your floppy disk. On many systems, this is the A drive.
E:\> cd images
E:\col\launch\floppy > e:\dosutils\rawrite
Enter source file name: bootdsk.img
Enter destination drive (A or B) and press ENTER: a
Press ENTER to confirm that you have a blank floppy disk in the drive. rawrite will then copy the imagef ile to your floppy disk, creating your install disk. When it finishes, remove your disk from the floppy drive. This is the disk that the installation procedure (described later) refers to as the install diskette. If you need to create a network support disk, use drvnet.img. For PCMCIA support, use pcmciadd.img.To create floppy disks on a Linux or Unix system, you use the dd command and specify the boot image file to use along with the name of the floppy device and the size of the floppy disk. You will first need to mount the CD-ROM, then change to its mount directory. On most Linux systems, the first floppy disk drive is at /dev/fd0 and its size is usually 1400 for a 1.4 floppy disk. With the if option, you specify the image file to use, the of option indicates the floppy device name, and the bs option specifies the block size. dd if=images/bootdsk.img of=dev/fd0 bs=1440
For rawrite, which you have to use on MS-DOS, at your DOS prompt, change to your CD-ROM drive,using whatever the letter for that drive may be. For example, if your CD-ROM drive is the E drive, just type e: and press ENTER. Once you have changed to the CD-ROM drive, you then need to change to the \images directory. On the DVD-ROM included with this book, the install disk image is bootdsk.img with support disks for network and notebooks, drvnet.img and pcmiadd.img. The rawrite command has to be run at a DOS prompt. Enter the full path for the rawrite command, including the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive letter, such as e:\dosutils\rawrite. The rawrite command first prompts you for the name of the disk image file you want to copy. Enter the full name of the install image file. The command then asks you to enter the letter of the floppy drive where you put your floppy disk. On many systems, this is the A drive.
E:\> cd images
E:\col\launch\floppy > e:\dosutils\rawrite
Enter source file name: bootdsk.img
Enter destination drive (A or B) and press ENTER: a
Press ENTER to confirm that you have a blank floppy disk in the drive. rawrite will then copy the imagef ile to your floppy disk, creating your install disk. When it finishes, remove your disk from the floppy drive. This is the disk that the installation procedure (described later) refers to as the install diskette. If you need to create a network support disk, use drvnet.img. For PCMCIA support, use pcmciadd.img.To create floppy disks on a Linux or Unix system, you use the dd command and specify the boot image file to use along with the name of the floppy device and the size of the floppy disk. You will first need to mount the CD-ROM, then change to its mount directory. On most Linux systems, the first floppy disk drive is at /dev/fd0 and its size is usually 1400 for a 1.4 floppy disk. With the if option, you specify the image file to use, the of option indicates the floppy device name, and the bs option specifies the block size. dd if=images/bootdsk.img of=dev/fd0 bs=1440
Wednesday, January 16, 2008
Hardware, Software, and Information Requirements
Before installing Linux, you must ensure that your computer meets certain minimum hardware requirements.You also need to have certain specific information ready concerning your monitor, video card, mouse, and cD-ROM drive. All the requirements are presented in detail in the following sections. Be sure to read them carefully before you begin installation. During the installation program, you need to provide responses that reflect the configuration of your computer.
Hardware Requirements
Listed here are the minimum hardware requirements for installing a standard installation of the Linux system on an Intel-based PC:
S A 32-bit Intel-based personal computer. At least an Intel or compatible 80386, 80486, or
Pentium-class microprocessor is required. A 400 MHz Pentium is recommended for a graphical
interface and 200 MHz for text.
S A CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (if you are using the DVD-ROM included with this book, you will need a DVD-ROM drive).
S A 3 1/2-inch floppy disk drive and floppy disk, if your PC is not capable of booting from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. A 3 1/2-inch, DOS high-density (HD) floppy disk drive is used to create an install disk (if you are installing from a floppy). If you install directly from a CD-ROM, you will not need it.
A boot floppy can be created using either the Linux or Windows operating system.
S Normally, at least 64MB RAM for text, and 192MB for graphical. (Linux can run on as little as
12MB RAM.) At least 2GB free hard disk space for a standard installation, including applications
(keep in mind that Linux can run on far less on a minimum installation, as little as 100MB and
16MB swap); 3GB to 6GB or more is recommended for a full installation (all applications). You
need about 5GB to install all the software packages on most distribution CD-ROMs. The standard installation of basic software packages normally takes 3GB, plus 64MB to 512MB for swap space, depending on the amount of RAM memory you have. If you have less than 1GB of hard disk space, you can elect to perform a minimum install, installing only the Linux kernel without most of the applications. You could later install the applications you want, one at a time, using the redhat-config-packages tool accessible on the System Settings window.
S Hard disk requirements depend on the kind of installation you want:
o Custom Installation (minimum): 520MB
o Server (minimum): 870MB
o Personal Desktop: 1.9GB
o Workstation: 2.4GB
o Custom Installation (everything): 5.3GB
Before installing Linux, you must ensure that your computer meets certain minimum hardware requirements.You also need to have certain specific information ready concerning your monitor, video card, mouse, and cD-ROM drive. All the requirements are presented in detail in the following sections. Be sure to read them carefully before you begin installation. During the installation program, you need to provide responses that reflect the configuration of your computer.
Hardware Requirements
Listed here are the minimum hardware requirements for installing a standard installation of the Linux system on an Intel-based PC:
S A 32-bit Intel-based personal computer. At least an Intel or compatible 80386, 80486, or
Pentium-class microprocessor is required. A 400 MHz Pentium is recommended for a graphical
interface and 200 MHz for text.
S A CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (if you are using the DVD-ROM included with this book, you will need a DVD-ROM drive).
S A 3 1/2-inch floppy disk drive and floppy disk, if your PC is not capable of booting from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. A 3 1/2-inch, DOS high-density (HD) floppy disk drive is used to create an install disk (if you are installing from a floppy). If you install directly from a CD-ROM, you will not need it.
A boot floppy can be created using either the Linux or Windows operating system.
S Normally, at least 64MB RAM for text, and 192MB for graphical. (Linux can run on as little as
12MB RAM.) At least 2GB free hard disk space for a standard installation, including applications
(keep in mind that Linux can run on far less on a minimum installation, as little as 100MB and
16MB swap); 3GB to 6GB or more is recommended for a full installation (all applications). You
need about 5GB to install all the software packages on most distribution CD-ROMs. The standard installation of basic software packages normally takes 3GB, plus 64MB to 512MB for swap space, depending on the amount of RAM memory you have. If you have less than 1GB of hard disk space, you can elect to perform a minimum install, installing only the Linux kernel without most of the applications. You could later install the applications you want, one at a time, using the redhat-config-packages tool accessible on the System Settings window.
S Hard disk requirements depend on the kind of installation you want:
o Custom Installation (minimum): 520MB
o Server (minimum): 870MB
o Personal Desktop: 1.9GB
o Workstation: 2.4GB
o Custom Installation (everything): 5.3GB
Linux Software
A great deal of Linux software is currently available from online sources. You can download applications for desktops, Internet servers, office suites, and programming packages, among others. Several centralized repositories make it easy to locate an application and find information about it. Of particular note are sourceforge.net, freshmeat.net, rpmfind.net, and apps.kde.com.
Software packages are distributed in compressed archives or in RPM packages. RPM packages are those archived using the Red Hat Package Manager. Compressed archives have an extension such as .tar.gz or .tar.Z, whereas RPM packages have an .rpm extension. For Red Hat Fedora Core, you can update to the latest Red Hat RPM package versions of software from their Fedora Yum repository using the Red Hat Update Agent . For Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you can automatically download upgrades for your system using the Red Hat Network described. Also, any RPM package that you download directly, from whatever site, can be installed easily with the click of a button using the redhat-config-packages tool on either the GNOME or KDE desktop. You could also download the source version and compile it directly on your system. This has become a simple process, almost as simple as installing the compiled RPM versions.
Red Hat also has a large number of mirror sites from which you can download their software packages for current releases. Most Linux Internet sites that provide extensive software archives have mirror sites, such as www.kernel.org, that hold the new Linux kernels. If you have trouble connecting to a main FTP site, try one of its mirrors.
A great deal of Linux software is currently available from online sources. You can download applications for desktops, Internet servers, office suites, and programming packages, among others. Several centralized repositories make it easy to locate an application and find information about it. Of particular note are sourceforge.net, freshmeat.net, rpmfind.net, and apps.kde.com.
Software packages are distributed in compressed archives or in RPM packages. RPM packages are those archived using the Red Hat Package Manager. Compressed archives have an extension such as .tar.gz or .tar.Z, whereas RPM packages have an .rpm extension. For Red Hat Fedora Core, you can update to the latest Red Hat RPM package versions of software from their Fedora Yum repository using the Red Hat Update Agent . For Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you can automatically download upgrades for your system using the Red Hat Network described. Also, any RPM package that you download directly, from whatever site, can be installed easily with the click of a button using the redhat-config-packages tool on either the GNOME or KDE desktop. You could also download the source version and compile it directly on your system. This has become a simple process, almost as simple as installing the compiled RPM versions.
Red Hat also has a large number of mirror sites from which you can download their software packages for current releases. Most Linux Internet sites that provide extensive software archives have mirror sites, such as www.kernel.org, that hold the new Linux kernels. If you have trouble connecting to a main FTP site, try one of its mirrors.
Operating Systems and Linux
An operating system is a program that manages computer hardware and software for the user. Operating systems were originally designed to perform repetitive hardware tasks, which centered around managing files, running programs, and receiving commands from the user. You interact with an operating system through a user interface, which allows the operating system to receive and interpret instructions sent by the user. You only need to send an instruction to the operating system to perform a task, such as reading a file or printing a document. An operating system's user interface can be as simple as entering commands on a line or as complex as selecting menus and icons on a desktop.
An operating system also manages software applications. To perform different tasks, such as editing documents or performing calculations, you need specific software applications. An editor is an example of a software application that enables you to edit a document, making changes and adding new text. The editor itself is a program consisting of instructions to be executed by the computer. For the program to be used, it must first be loaded into computer memory, and then its instructions are executed. The operating system controls the loading and execution of all programs, including any software applications. When you want to use an editor, simply instruct the operating system to load the editor application and execute it.
File management, program management, and user interaction are traditional features common to all operating systems. Linux, like all versions of Unix, adds two more features. Linux is a multiuser and multitasking system. As it is a multitasking system, you can ask the system to perform several tasks at the same time. While one task is being done, you can work on another. For example, you can edit a file while another file is being printed. You do not have to wait for the other file to finish printing before you edit. As it is a multiuser system, several users can log in to the system at the same time, each interacting with the system through his or her own terminal.
An operating system is a program that manages computer hardware and software for the user. Operating systems were originally designed to perform repetitive hardware tasks, which centered around managing files, running programs, and receiving commands from the user. You interact with an operating system through a user interface, which allows the operating system to receive and interpret instructions sent by the user. You only need to send an instruction to the operating system to perform a task, such as reading a file or printing a document. An operating system's user interface can be as simple as entering commands on a line or as complex as selecting menus and icons on a desktop.
An operating system also manages software applications. To perform different tasks, such as editing documents or performing calculations, you need specific software applications. An editor is an example of a software application that enables you to edit a document, making changes and adding new text. The editor itself is a program consisting of instructions to be executed by the computer. For the program to be used, it must first be loaded into computer memory, and then its instructions are executed. The operating system controls the loading and execution of all programs, including any software applications. When you want to use an editor, simply instruct the operating system to load the editor application and execute it.
File management, program management, and user interaction are traditional features common to all operating systems. Linux, like all versions of Unix, adds two more features. Linux is a multiuser and multitasking system. As it is a multitasking system, you can ask the system to perform several tasks at the same time. While one task is being done, you can work on another. For example, you can edit a file while another file is being printed. You do not have to wait for the other file to finish printing before you edit. As it is a multiuser system, several users can log in to the system at the same time, each interacting with the system through his or her own terminal.
Red Hat and Fedora Linux
Red Hat Linux is currently the most popular Linux distribution. As a company, Red Hat provides software and services to implement and support professional and commercial Linux systems. Red Hat has split its Linux development into two lines: Red Hat Enterprise Linux and the Fedora Project. Red Hat Enterprise Linux features commercial enterprise products for servers and workstations, with controlled releases issued every two years or so. The Fedora Project is an Open Source initiative whose Fedora Core release will be issued every six months on average, incorporating the most recent development in Linux operating system features as well as supported applications. Red Hat freely distributes its Fedora version of Linux under the
GNU General Public License; the company generates income by providing professional-level support,consulting services, and training services. The Red Hat Certified Engineers (RHCE) training and certification program is designed to provide reliable and highly capable administrators and developers help to maintain and customize professional-level Red Hat systems.
Red Hat has forged software alliances with major companies like Oracle, IBM, Dell, and Sun. Currently, Red Hat provides several commercial products, known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux. These include the Red Hat Enterprise Advanced Server for intensive enterprise-level tasks; Red Hat Enterprise ES, which is a version of Linux designed for small businesses and networks; and Red Hat Enterprise Work Station. Red Hat also maintains for its customers the Red Hat Network, which provides automatic updating of the operating system and software packages on your system. You can also use the same Red Hat Network update tool to automatically update Fedora Linux. Specialized products include the Stronghold secureWeb
server, versions of Linux tailored for IBM and Itanium-based servers, and GNUPro development tools.Red Hat also maintains a strong commitment to Open Source Linux applications. Red Hat originated the RPM package system used on several distributions, which automatically installs and removes software packages. Red Hat is also providing much of the software development for the GNOME desktop, and it is a strong supporter of KDE. On Red Hat, GNOME and KDE are configured to appear the same, using a standardized interface called Bluecurve.
Red Hat Linux is currently the most popular Linux distribution. As a company, Red Hat provides software and services to implement and support professional and commercial Linux systems. Red Hat has split its Linux development into two lines: Red Hat Enterprise Linux and the Fedora Project. Red Hat Enterprise Linux features commercial enterprise products for servers and workstations, with controlled releases issued every two years or so. The Fedora Project is an Open Source initiative whose Fedora Core release will be issued every six months on average, incorporating the most recent development in Linux operating system features as well as supported applications. Red Hat freely distributes its Fedora version of Linux under the
GNU General Public License; the company generates income by providing professional-level support,consulting services, and training services. The Red Hat Certified Engineers (RHCE) training and certification program is designed to provide reliable and highly capable administrators and developers help to maintain and customize professional-level Red Hat systems.
Red Hat has forged software alliances with major companies like Oracle, IBM, Dell, and Sun. Currently, Red Hat provides several commercial products, known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux. These include the Red Hat Enterprise Advanced Server for intensive enterprise-level tasks; Red Hat Enterprise ES, which is a version of Linux designed for small businesses and networks; and Red Hat Enterprise Work Station. Red Hat also maintains for its customers the Red Hat Network, which provides automatic updating of the operating system and software packages on your system. You can also use the same Red Hat Network update tool to automatically update Fedora Linux. Specialized products include the Stronghold secureWeb
server, versions of Linux tailored for IBM and Itanium-based servers, and GNUPro development tools.Red Hat also maintains a strong commitment to Open Source Linux applications. Red Hat originated the RPM package system used on several distributions, which automatically installs and removes software packages. Red Hat is also providing much of the software development for the GNOME desktop, and it is a strong supporter of KDE. On Red Hat, GNOME and KDE are configured to appear the same, using a standardized interface called Bluecurve.
LINUX
Chapter 1: Introduction to Red Hat Linux
Overview
Linux is a fast, stable, and open source operating system for PC computers and workstations that features professional-level Internet services, extensive development tools, fully functional graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and a massive number of applications ranging from office suites to multimedia applications. Linux was developed in the early 1990s by Linus Torvalds, along with other programmers around the world. As an operating system, Linux performs many of the same functions as Unix, Macintosh, Windows, and Windows NT. However, Linux is distinguished by its power and flexibility, along with being freely available. Most PC operating systems, such as Windows, began their development within the confines of small, restricted personal computers, which have only recently become more versatile machines. Such operating systems
are constantly being upgraded to keep up with the ever-changing capabilities of PC hardware.
Linux, on the other hand, was developed in a different context. Linux is a PC version of the Unix operating system that has been used for decades on mainframes and minicomputers and is currently the system of choice for network servers and workstations. Linux brings the speed, efficiency, scalability, and flexibility of Unix to your PC,taking advantage of all the capabilities that personal computers can now provide.
Technically, Linux consists of the operating system program, referred to as the kernel, which is the part originally developed by Linus Torvalds. But it has always been distributed with a massive number of software applications, ranging from network servers and security programs to office applications and development tools. Linux has evolved as part of the open source software movement, in which independent programmers joined together to provide free quality software to any user. Linux has become the premier platform for open source software, much of it developed by the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Many of these applications are bundled as part of standard Linux distributions. Currently, thousands of open source
applications are available for Linux from sites like the Open Source Development Network's (OSDN) sourceforge.net, the software depositories rpmfind.net and freshmeat.net, KDE's apps.kde.com, and GNOME's www.gnome.org.
Overview
Linux is a fast, stable, and open source operating system for PC computers and workstations that features professional-level Internet services, extensive development tools, fully functional graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and a massive number of applications ranging from office suites to multimedia applications. Linux was developed in the early 1990s by Linus Torvalds, along with other programmers around the world. As an operating system, Linux performs many of the same functions as Unix, Macintosh, Windows, and Windows NT. However, Linux is distinguished by its power and flexibility, along with being freely available. Most PC operating systems, such as Windows, began their development within the confines of small, restricted personal computers, which have only recently become more versatile machines. Such operating systems
are constantly being upgraded to keep up with the ever-changing capabilities of PC hardware.
Linux, on the other hand, was developed in a different context. Linux is a PC version of the Unix operating system that has been used for decades on mainframes and minicomputers and is currently the system of choice for network servers and workstations. Linux brings the speed, efficiency, scalability, and flexibility of Unix to your PC,taking advantage of all the capabilities that personal computers can now provide.
Technically, Linux consists of the operating system program, referred to as the kernel, which is the part originally developed by Linus Torvalds. But it has always been distributed with a massive number of software applications, ranging from network servers and security programs to office applications and development tools. Linux has evolved as part of the open source software movement, in which independent programmers joined together to provide free quality software to any user. Linux has become the premier platform for open source software, much of it developed by the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Many of these applications are bundled as part of standard Linux distributions. Currently, thousands of open source
applications are available for Linux from sites like the Open Source Development Network's (OSDN) sourceforge.net, the software depositories rpmfind.net and freshmeat.net, KDE's apps.kde.com, and GNOME's www.gnome.org.
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